Financial aspects of united state examination and application of
president of the Russian Federation of V. Putin.
Zhirov Vyacheslav Fedorovich
Finance Academy under the
Government of the Russian Federation
Moscow,
Russia
Director of the Information Technologies Center
PhD, the senior lecturer
Ph. 89175674103
Financial aspects of united state
examination and application of information technologies
1. Financial expenses
Since 2008 financing of expenses [1,2] on
the organization and carrying out USE
(united state examination) is carried out from following sources:
1. The federal budget (means of the Federal
program of development of education );
2. Budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation;
3. Local budgets;
4. Means of educational and other specialized establishments.
In 2001-2005 of an expense for the
organization and carrying out USE of means of the federal budget made:
Jaroslav Kuzminov, the rector of the the
Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia, has informed, that expenses on USE in 2009 make 800 million
roubles [3].. Affirms as, that expenses for drawing up CMM (CMM - control and
measuring materials or tests) are equal about 70 million. Other means are spent
for the organization of carrying out of examination.
« As
a whole for carrying out of experiment with USE since 2001 from means of the
federal budget it has been spent 370 million dollars [4], and approximately as
much - from means of regional and municipal budgets. Plus grants which were
received by heads and organizers USE from World Bank and other international organizations. It
turns out, that for 7 years on USE it is spent nearby 1 billion dollars. », Sergey Komkov, the President of the All-Russia
fund of education, confirmed.
.
2. Expenses of entrants in 2009 г. have
increased
Expenses of entrants have increased,
entrants came to the Moscow high schools personally to hand over documents, and
they had to be late for some weeks pending results in next "wave"
[5].
The quantity of PEP (persons enjoying
privileges) has many times over increased in 2009.
In several capital high schools the
quantity of persons enjoying privileges
(PEPs), at separate faculties, has exceeded 50 % from
the common number of budgetary places. « And if with the
right of prize-winners of the All-Russia school Olympiads to act without
examinations their contempoparies did not argue almost, the hors concours
reception of invalids and deprived, many
entrants have considered orphans unfair » [5].
« We tell,
at faculty of journalism of the Moscow State
University
at checkpoints 323 points enlisted PEP with the sum less than 200 points.
Validity of the similar approach teachers of high schools put under doubt , teachers
afraid, that sessions in accordance with general practice
students with such
level of preparation are unable. In mass-media in the meantime there was an
information that cost of the faked inquiry
on physical inability changed from 25
thousand up to 80 thousand rbl. » in this summer.
The increase in material inputs at the selection
entrant committees is connected with sharp increase in quantity of applications [5].
« Hard work led to inevitable mistakes : on the Internet it is a lot of histories
how the entrant, recommended to transfer, unexpectedly left in a reserve
already after has taken away documents from all other high schools, as the
competitor, not considered earlier, was found out in him with higher points ».
3. Variants of the USE informatization
3.1. System informatization
Considering current process of application of information
technologies in USE, it is possible to see, that there is a break in use of
technology of electronic documents by use paper, that essentially complicates
and raise the price of the organization works.
At what, now existing organization USE
demands big single expenses (if investment of this money
in the Internet and computers it is possible to use the appeared opportunities
constantly), only for period USE, about 1 billion roubles a year, not including
expenses of parents which are difficult for estimating.
It is very complex organization of works on USE, which purpose to
check up knowledge of graduates and simultaneously to provide access to high
schools without examinations by results of USE.
Paper documents all over again are printed
from a computer in the forms of testing, and then forms are entered
into computers by means of scanning, then certificates are again printed from a
computer, then these certificates are again entered into computers in the selection entrant committee of high school.
Such technology essentially complicates and
raise the price of the organization of works on release of
schoolboys and their reception in high school.
Thus it is difficult to provide safety of
transfer of the information so the information is accessible on paper carriers long
time . Three variants of information
leakage are possible: from composers of tests, from a printing house, from FTC
(FTC -Federal Test Center).
The modern Internet, to which schools and
high schools are connected, enables to construct essentially new technology.
In October, 2007 Dmitry Medvedev, being the
first vice-premier, has informed, that all the Russian schools for today are
connected to the Internet
[http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2007/10/26/2>72275]. Thus, the program
internet educational institutions has been finished before planned term. In
total within the limits of national project
"
Education " to internet is connected 53 thousand schools.
The technology, offered in this article, can capture a lot of graduates, approximately
80 % - 90 % as the condition of the Internet at different schools differs.
The same as in existing technology, in the
beginning of carrying out USE the information on schoolboys (registration data,
the passport, etc.) and tests is loaded into database FTC (FTC -Federal Test
Center).
In new technology it is offered to
schoolboys to inform for testing to them logins and passwords, on which they
can enter far off through the Internet on the server of testing. The server of
testing can be placed in FTC, RIPC (RIPC
- Region Information Processing
Center)
and
etc. ( which are incorporated by a
network of data transmission).
There are means of protection by means of
which it is possible to connect the concrete schoolboy to a concrete computer,
to provide safe transfer of the information on the Internet (enciphering of
files and channels) and besides having supplied a computer (10000 rbl.) webcamera
(1000 rbl.) and a microphone (100 rbl.), it is possible to observe and listen
far off, that happens on a computer and in an audience.
Thus inspectors during carrying out of
examination should not run on classes, it is enough to have the centralized
board of the control.
It is necessary to consider a different
condition of schools in regions, therefore without the Internet it is possible
to apply to schools C - USE [http://www.ege.ru],
In schools without computers, it is
possible to apply existing procedure of manual filling of forms and transfers
to schools by mail,
If the schools are not connected to the Internet
or connected through bad channels then expenses for improvements of the
Internet for USE will pay back application of the Internet in daily training.
Testing can be spent permanently.
After passage of testing, the schoolboy
balls write in a database, which schoolboy can see .
In offered technology if the schoolboy will
want to enter the institute he addresses to database FTC (FTC -Federal Test
Center) with the login and the password, and on the
screen an application form pops up, in
which he specifies high school and a speciality, as the
information on identification of the schoolboy already is in base.
In this case, in a database it is possible
to set border on quantity of
applications, which the schoolboy (for
example, 5, according to recommendations M. Eskindarov , the rector of Finance
Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation Moscow, Russia) can
generate.
Further from database FTC the
applications are transmitted in bases of high schools (on the Internet),
and high schools, using the control information system "Entrant",
range entrants and hang out on the site lists of the first entrant wave, then
the second entrant wave and etc.
If the entrant sees the surname on a site
of high school, he can arrive to high school with original
documents , till this moment he is at
home and works through the Internet.
3.2. Stage-by-stage informatization
For realization of the described technology
it is required to improve the Internet at schools, to add programs in database FTC
and to introduce in high schools an information subsystem "Entrant"
which will range, wil remove results on a site of high school, will enter the information from original documents.
For input of the information from original
documents in a subsystem "Entrant" all registration information from
base FTC, in particular, the passport, points, etc. all over again is loaded,
then the employee of a selection entrant committee on a computer or through the
scanner from the form enters the additional biographical particulars of the
entrant necessary in high school.
4. Carrying out USE now
4.1. Introduction
Since 2009 the basic form of certification
of graduates of schools became united state examination (USE) according to the
law:
About modification in the law of the Russian Federation
« about education » and the federal law « about the supreme and the after-university-level education
vocational training » regarding carrying out of united state examination. The
president of the Russian Federation of V. Putin. Moscow, the Kremlin on February, 9th, 2007 N
17-ФЗ.
[http://pedsovet.org/compo>nentoption,com_mtree/tas>k,viewlinklink_id,2683/I>temi
With 2009 rules of reception in high
schools have radically changed. The resident learning entrants
are accepted only by results of USE. The
following categories of entrants have allowed to pass examinations at receipt
high school :
1. children with limited opportunities,
2. acting on correspondence and evening branches,
3. acting on the second the high education,
4. to graduates training college, continuing education on the chosen profile speciality in high
school.
4.2. The simplified algorithm of carrying
out USE
The described simplified algorithm of
carrying out (united state examination) differs from real procedures of
carrying out USE in different regions, it
is necessary to outline
principles of carrying out USE. USE consists of several steps.
Lists of graduates from EE (EE - Educational
establishments: school, college and etc.) and tests from FIPM ([2] Federal
institute of pedagogical measurements ») are gathered in federal databases (FDB
USE [4,5]) FTC (the Federal Center of Testing []).
Verification of lists of graduates EE is carried out.
(The questionnaire; surname, patronymic,name;
the passport; the examinations, planned for delivery, and ,
etc.). Calculation of necessary quantity CMM (CMM - control and measuring materials or
tests) is spent. Tests (CMM) on forms (paper) are printed out for each schoolboy. Some days prior to
examination necessary quantity of CMM is transfered from FTC in RIPC (the Regional center of processing of the
information)
In RIPC complete sets CMM are printed on paper form for each schoolboy in PCE (PCE - Places Carry
Exam). Forms with tests in the sealed envelopes are transmitted in PCE, and the schoolboy during direct
carrying out USE receives the form of tests on a paper and fills answers to the
form.
The filled forms from schools are transmitted in RIPC and there are scanned, verified, and they are transmitted
by the special ciphered file on the special ciphered channel to the FTC
for calculation of scaling of each
schoolboy.
Scaling (the assignment of an integer which
is describing a level of readiness of the schoolboy in a subject and being a
range from 0 up to 100 inclusive) is carried out on mathematical model in FTC
at reception of results from all regions of Russia. Processed (for several
days) results, marks, are transmitted
from FTC in RIPC , are loaded into a DB,
are printed out reports and stand out in
each area.
Marks (results of united state examination -
USE)
are printed out on a paper (certificate USE)
and given the schoolboy.
The schoolboy with results USE comes to
high school, fills the application etc.
the schoolboy transmits the application, a copy of certificate USE, a
copy of the passport in a selection committee of high school which manually or
through the system builds the ranged list of
entrants.
The top lines of the list (depending on
through passage mark and quantity of places the border of the top lines is
established) are placed on a site of high school for the notification of candidates
to transfer. If within two weeks the schoolboy from the top lines brings
original documents then he is enlisted
in students, if does not bring, he is deleted
and second "wave" of entrants for construction of the list of
candidates for which actions for the first wave repeat is considered, then the
third wave and the fourth is considered.
4.3. Program systems are used
The program system of the KROK AIS "
Examination " firm
[http://www.croc.ru/branch/governmental_orga>nizationsege.php], installed earlier on RIPC (in 2009 RIPC AIS " Examination " has been removed on
system of the ABBYY firm) has the benevolent interface (more conveniently, than
at program system of ABBYY)
According to Sergey Komkov , in 2006 USE on
the basis of system "Examination" of KROK
was accepted in the Vologda, Ivanovo, Irkutsk, Kaluga, Kostroma, Leningrad,
Moscow, Pskov, Tambov, Tomsk, Chelyabinsk areas, Karachaevo-Chircassia,
Republic Saha (Yakutia), Khabarovsk territory,
Khanty-Mansiysk and Chukchi autonomous regions, and also in Moscow and
St.-Petersburg.
Transition in 2009 on programs of ABBYY
[http://www.abbyy.ru/Defau>lt.aspx?DN=4c7119e3-1b2d-
(program complex ABBYY TestReader) has increased expenditures of labour in some
times. Company ABBYY modified program complex ABBYY TestReader for processing
results USE in FTC. Company ABBYY informs on processing more than 13 million
examination forms.
4.4. Tests (CMM)
Set of tests (CMM) [http://www.fipi.ru/view/s>ections63/docs/129.html]
on forms on base subjects consists of three
parts [http://www.alleng.ru/edu/>schexam.htm]. Regarding "A", the
schoolboy should choose one of variants of the answer, regarding «B» - to enter
missing word or figure, regarding «C» - to give the developed answer (essay) to
questions. After writing answers the filled forms of a category "A "
and "B" are scanned, verified, loaded by the schoolboy into base. The
essay on questions from a part "C" are manually estimated by
anonymously independent experts.
Forms USE are documents of the strict
reporting, have a stroke-codes. Forms include - the form of registration and
the form of answers. In a database the full information, at an information
phase, about the schoolboy, and, nevertheless, is already loaded this
information is entered repeatedly from the form of registration.
The entrant, having received the
certificate on results USE makes copies, fills applications for receipt in high schools and can deliver a package of documents with copies in
different high schools [http://www1.ege.edu.ru/co>ntentview/553/167/] or
personally arrive to selection committees.
The selection entrant committee chooses
candidates for students and notifies entrants. The opportunity to submit
documents at once in some high schools complicates work of selection entrant
committees.
5. Opinion of president Dmitry Medvedev
President Dmitry Medvedev has told
[http://pressa.irk.ru/frid>ay2009/22/039001.html]: « you know, I in difference,
maybe, from a quantity of pessimists do not share the negative relation to USE. »
« I
consider that, despite of costs of a transition period, it is all more
civilized and more modern way to determine
a level of knowledge, and, by the way, a
similar class tests exist all over the world ».
The president of the Russian Federation
Dmitry Medvedev supports idea to create
the presidential commission under the analysis of results lead in it to year of uniform state examination (USE)
About work above USE, about its supporters and opponents , one of initiators
of the project, ex-minister of education
of Russia (1998-2004), and now the
rector of the Peoples’ Friendship University (PFUR) Vladimir Filippov
[http://www.rian.ru/edu_an>alysis20090717/177689398>.html] has told:
« Work above USE was extremely interesting.
We conducted it together with very good team - the rector of the Higher school of
economy Jaroslav Ivanovich Kuzminov ,
directors of some the Moscow
schools, chiefs of managements of education
of some regions, in particular those
five which the first in 2001 have entered experiment.. »
Evgenie Yasin, supervisor of studies HSE -
" the Higher School of Economy ", the ideologist of introduction of USE
(United State Examination), has answered questions of RIA of News
[http://www.rian.ru/interv>iew20090327/166173864.ht>ml].
« If we want, USE (United State Examination)
becomes the most effective means from corruption after it passes the certain period of approbation, enters into
a life ».
For public discussion concerning overcoming
problems USE the Higher school of economy (HSE) is ready to give a platform.
Rectors of large Russian high schools have
told about the first conclusions of reception campaign of 2009
[http://www.regnum.ru/news>1199357.html] at press conference in Moscow- The
state university - the Higher school of economy Jaroslav Kuzminov (HSE)
and the St.-Petersburg state university Nikolay Kropachev, correspondent of the
IA REGNUM of News transfers
In opinion of Kuzminov, USE has given many positive results. So, according
to Kuzminov, it has been striked solving blow on corruption at receipt in high schools.
On its data, in 2005 the size of bribes
at receipt in high schools made nearby 10 billion roubles. Now, rector HSE has
told, this money have been redirected on paid training of the same students.
6. Practice of USE
6.1. USE have overestimated in Financial
academy at the government of the Russian Federation
The Finance Academy
under the Government of the Russian Federation,
Moscow, Russia
have lead own testing on the mathematics . The high estimations received on
USE, have confirmed only hardly more than 30 percent of students of the first rate.
According to the rector of academy Michael
Eskindarov , " testing is spent not to accept any administrative measures to
students, and to reveal, how much } their knowledge correspond to that is written in certificates USE ".
- Almost all entrants who acted to us, had
on USE an estimation "five", the mean score on day time branch was
very high - 85, - Michael Eskindarov tells. - But excellent knowledge have shown only 34 percent 23 percent have received "three" and "two"....
Any high school, naturally, is not
interested in that mass decrease of students, and the aim of repeated testing - to understand, where
exactly a blank in knowledge. But claims of the rector - not to students, and
to USE. Exclusively federal bodies, instead of municipalities, should spend USE
. Quite probably, that, considering high competition, results USE and own
tests, the academy will spend in following year additional introductory test.
It is necessary to enter norm on which the graduate can send copies of
documents no more than in five high schools
[], - the rector of the
Finance Academy
considers . - the Similar practice is in many European
countries, including in the Great
Britain. While in high schools full
uncertainty is kept. After the first wave the documents have brought much less
students, than universities expected. So, at us 60 percent of vacant places are now (06 august 2009)
filled only. We do not know, whether the students recommended to transfer and
if will come when will come as a result. It is clear, that the majority will
wait for the third wave.
6.2. The selection entrant committees.
Yesterday (on August, 6th 2009) in high
schools there were lists enlisted on the first rate. However, - not in all and,
to put it mildly, inexact: reception in high schools is not ended, the first act of
a tragicomedy « Entrants -2009» [http://www.moscow.in.kg/i>ndex.php?newsid=878]
has simply ended.
Surnames in the lists which have been hung
out yesterday, inveterate funnymen have already nicknamed « Xerox souls ». It and actually - the truth as transfer
went to universities and institutes all over again on copies of documents on education (the information about USE here now main!) and as it is
possible to build the "necessary" x-copy - to explain it is not
necessary.
And here to submit documents to a selection
committee personally, yesterday's schoolboys borrowed{occupied} under numbers
turn since evening and arranged muster in the mornings.
In the meantime in high school selection
committees people fell in faints, especially - in the main high schools of the
country. To understand with monstrous quantity of x-copies of entrants, for example, at many
faculties of the Moscow
State University
by M.V. Lomonosov it was necessary and
at night.
Significant achievement USE became
reduction of corruption at a level of high schools. However this positive results USE come to an end,
giving a up the place to results not indisputable and doubtful
[http://www.pnp.ru/newspap>er20090901/90.html].
By results of USE (United State Examination)
on the first place there was Yakutia, on the second - Chukotka, Moscow has taken only the
eleventh place. Similar not indisputable results of examination of graduates of
the Russian schools have appeared in the center of attention of Minister of
Education and a science of the Russian
Federation, heads of the All-Russia
pedagogical assembly and deputies of the State Duma.
For rectors of creative high schools USE is
a shock of bases [http://ip.ntv.ru/news/207>9]. They have got used to shut eyes
to poor progress of young geniuses. For Andrey , balalaikaer from Kostroma, of all this time
was unimportant, what are marks on the mathematics , - the soul sings the main thing.
And now it has appeared, that the talented musician can not receive the
certificate about secondary education. Alexander Kurochkin, the student of the Kostroma musical school: «
tension with study, and I in a conservatory wish to act ».
7. The literature
1. A financial and economic substantiation
to the project of the federal law " About modification in the Law of the Russian Federation
" About education " and the Federal law "
About the maximum and after university
vocational training " (regarding introduction of united state examination),
http://www.egesakha.ru/do>csProekt/Finan.doc.
2. D.L.Komjagin.
Problems of financing of carrying out of united
state examination, http://www.lexed.ru/pravo>theory/ezegod/?07.html.
3. Evgenie Vasin, War with USE proceeds,
http://bio.fizteh.ru/stud>entdiff_articles/ege_war>.html.
The original of article is published on a site of the newspaper
"Arguments and the Facts ".
4.370 million dollars it is spent (on
official data) from the federal budget for carrying out USE. The newspaper
"Trud" from 12/1/2008
5. A fluid point.
Magazine " Vlast" 32 (835) from
8/17/2009, http://www.kommersant.ru/>Doc.aspx?.
А так же :
Закон всемирного тяготения
В. В. Орлёнок, доктор геолого-минералогических наук На поверхности Земли действует гравитационное поле, создаваемое силой притяжения массы Земли F и центробежной силой P, возникающей вследствие вращения Земли вокруг своей оси. Согласно закону тяготения Ньютона, сила притяжения F определяется из выражения:, (IV.
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